Purpose: The Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco that involved in induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of tumor associated macrophages. The aim of this study was to effect of swimming training and exposure to Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) on the immunohistochemical response of tumor-associated macrophages in wistar rats. Methods: For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consist of training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. Levels of CD68-Tumor associated macrophages in homogenized lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. To analyze the data; ANOVA and tukey’ s test were used at a significance level of p≤ 0. 05. Results: The results showed that immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the training group was significantly lower than the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). Immunohistochemical expression of TAM was also significantly lower in the NNK + training group than in the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the NNK group was significantly higher than the solvent group (P = 0. 001) (766%). Conclusion: Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal swimming training plays an important role in inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via decreased of Tumor associated macrophages activity.

Background: Researchers argue that supplements are somewhat capable of influencing the lung tissue exposed to smoking carcinogens through cell cycle. Cyclin D1 is a gene involved in cell cycle. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of 12-week injection of Nigella sativa nano-capsule on the expression of Cyclin D1 of the lung tissue of the rats receiving exposure to Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone. Methods: 46 Wistar rats were assigned into five groups: NNK, Supplement, and Supplement, + NNK, Control and Vehicle group. 125 μ g/kg body weight of Nigella sativa nano-capsule supplement was injected subcutaneously into the Supplement and Supplement NNK groups once a week. NKK and Vehicle groups received a weekly dose of 12. 5 mg/kg NNK and distilled water for 12 weeks through subcutaneous injection. After isolating the lung tissue, the expression of the Cyclin D1 gene was measured using Real Time PCR-ABI. One-way ANOVA parametric analysis and Tukey post hoc test were used to analyze the data at the significant level of P ≤ 0. 05. Results: According to the results, the expression of Cyclin 1 gene was relatively reduced in Supplement NNK (P = 0. 003) and Vehicle (P = 0. 001) groups in comparison to the NNK group. Nevertheless, no significant difference was observed among the Supplement, Vehicle, and Control groups. We believe that Nigella sativa nanocapsule supplement reduced the relative changes of Cyclin 1 in the lung tissues exposed to carcinogen NNK. Conclusion: Apparently, this supplement is capable of reducing Cyclin 1 level in cell cycle; hence, it can reduce the carcinogenic effects of NNK and the negative effects of smoking among other therapeutic methods.

Background: Tobacco contains carcinogens such as NNK (Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone) that makes induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of IL-10 expression. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in resting levels of IL-10 in lung tissues of rats exposed to NNK after a 12-week aerobic submaximal swimming training. Methods: For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consisting training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. The levels of IL-10 in homogenized lung tissue were measured by ELISA. Results: Findings indicated that a period of swimming training increased the IL-10 levels significantly in lung tissue of training group when compared to control (P=0. 00) and NNK groups (P=0. 00). Also, a significant increase of IL-10 level was observed in exercise + NNK group when compared to NNK group (p≤ 0/02). Furthermore, it was observed that IL-10 levels of NNK group had a significant decrease when compared to training group (P=0/00), training + NNK group (p≤ 0/02), but had insignificant increase when compared to saline group (p≤ 0/85). Conclusions: Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal aerobic training plays an important role in the inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via increasing IL-10 activity.

Purpose: The Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco that involved in induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of tumor associated macrophages. The aim of this study was to effect of swimming training and exposure to Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK) on the immunohistochemical response of tumor-associated macrophages in wistar rats. Methods: For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consist of training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. Levels of CD68-Tumor associated macrophages in homogenized lung tissue were measured by immunohistochemistry. To analyze the data; ANOVA and tukey’ s test were used at a significance level of p≤ 0. 05. Results: The results showed that immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the training group was significantly lower than the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). Immunohistochemical expression of TAM was also significantly lower in the NNK + training group than in the NNK group (P = 0. 001) (92%). In addition, the immunohistochemical expression of TAM in the NNK group was significantly higher than the solvent group (P = 0. 001) (766%). Conclusion: Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal swimming training plays an important role in inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via decreased of Tumor associated macrophages activity.

Background and Objectives: Cigarette smoke contains carcinogenic compounds, including Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which can activate vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and increase the inflammation of the lung. Since the Nigella sativa plays an important role in treating cancer through the modification of cellular signaling pathways, the purpose of this study was determining the effect of a period of Nigella sativananocapsules consumption on the histopathological structure and VEGF levels of the lung tissue of the rats exposed to tobacco-derived nitrosamines ketone.Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 45 Wistar male and female rats with the average weight and standard deviation of 103.83±23.48 grams were randomly divided into five groups of control, saline, NNK, supplement, and supplement+NNK. The NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously once per week at a rate of 12.5 mg/kg/bw for 12 weeks. The supplement groups also received Nigella sativa nanocapsules for 12 weeks. Levels of VEGF in the homogenized lung tissue were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s multiple comparisons test were used to analyze the data Results: Exposure to NNK significantly increased VEGF levels compared to the saline group (p=0.001).Meanwhile, a period of Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption significantly reduced the levels of VEGF in the supplement+NNK group compared to the NNK group (p=0.001).Conclusion: Considering the findings, it seems that Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption can be helpful in cigarette smoke-induced inflammation by reducing VEGF levels.

Background: One of the powerful carcinogens in tobacco is Nicotine nitrosamine ketone (NNK), which can activate annexin a2 and develop the irritation of the lung. Since the Nigella sativa plays a vital role in treating cancer, the aim of this research was to evaluation of annexin a2 expression and histopathologic changes of lung tissue in rats exposed to NNK and Nigella sativa nanocapsules. Methods: In this experimental research, 45 Wistar male and female rats with average weight and standard deviation of 103. 83± 23. 48 grams were haphazardly separated into five groups including supplement, supplement + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12. 5 mg/kg/bw. Supplemented groups similarly consumed Nigella sativa nanocapsules for 12 weeks at 12. 5 μ g / kg body weight. Annexin a2 expression in lung tissue were quantified by immunohistochemistry technique. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’ s multiple comparisons test were utilized for analyzing the data. Results: Exposure to NNK significantly augmented annexin a2 expression compared to the saline group (p<0. 001). On the other hand, a period of Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption significantly decreased the annexin a2 expression in supplement + NNK group compared to the NNK group (p<0. 001). Conclusion: It seems that Nigella sativa nanocapsules consumption along with other therapeutic methods can be useful in reducing the role of carcinogenic NNK and inflammation caused by cigarette smoke.

The nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK; Nicotine derived nitrosamine ketone) is one of the strongest carcinogens in tobacco which is involved in induction of lung cancer by changing the stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and annexin A2 expression. The aim of this study was to investigate the changes in resting levels of annexin A2 and VEGF in lung tissues of rats exposed NNK after 12 weeks of aerobic submaximal swimming training. For this purpose, 46 Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups consist of training, training + NNK, NNK, saline and control. NNK-induced groups received NNK subcutaneously one day per week at a rate of 12/5 mg per kg body weight and the training groups performed submaximal swimming training for 12 weeks. The levels of VEGF and annexin A2 in lung tissue were measured respectively by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. To analyze the data; ANOVA and Tukey's test were used at a significance level of p<0. 05. Findings indicated that 12 weeks submaximal swimming training decreased the levels of VEGF and annexin A2 in lung tissue significantly when compared to NNK group (p<0. 001). There was no significant correlation between VEGF and annexin A2 levels in all study groups (p≥ 0. 05). Generally, it could be confirmed that regular submaximal aerobic training plays an important role in inhibition of the effects of lung inflammation induced by NNK via decreased levels of VEGF and annexin A2.

In order to predict the permittivity and excess permittivity data of binary systems containing cyclic ketones (cyclohexanone and cyclopentanone) and 1, 4-butanediols, various mixing rules were used [1, 2]. The permittivity increment, ( ) 12 1 1 2 2   = − x + x  , was also evaluated in this research using the predicted data. 1 x and 2 x are the mole fractions of the components 1 and 2, 1  and 2  are the permittivities of the pure components. As shown in Fig. 1, the experimental permittivity values for three systems containing 1, 4-butanediol (1, 4BD) and two cyclic ketones were estimated by several mixing rules. Typically, for cyclohexanone and 1, 4-butanediol mixtures, the predicted excess permittivity data were compared and shown in Fig. 2. As it can be seen from Table 1, the Lichteneker-Rother model shows the lower root mean square deviation (rmsd) value, which indicates that the Lichteneker-Rother model presents the best result between the predictive models.